In this work, the behavior of a plate under cyclic loading was simulated using Abaqus.

Two hardening mechanisms were considered:

Isotropic hardening → leads to expansion or contraction of the yield surface (change in size).

Kinematic hardening → causes translation of the yield surface in stress space (change in position).

The main objective was to investigate the ratcheting phenomenon, which represents the progressive accumulation of plastic strain under cyclic loading.