Hi everyone,

I’m trying to understand the principles behind the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach. The documentation and most online posts focus on how to set it up in a GUI, but not on the underlying numerical formulation.

My question is, is CEL considered a finite-element method or a CFD?

• If it’s CFD, is the Eulerian part based on finite-volume, finite-difference, or another scheme?

• Or is CEL a special case of ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian)? I’m asking because when using the enhanced contact option for CEL, the keyword

  *ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT, ELSET=..., ENHANCED CONTACT=YES 

  is required, but how are CEL and adaptive meshing actually related?

Finally, are there any textbooks, papers, or review articles that clearly explain the numerical background and governing principles of CEL? Any solid references would be greatly appreciated!

AbaqusAbaqus ExplicitAbaqus CAECELCoupled Eulerian-Lagragian